Problem Based Learning in Action: A Qualitative Case Study on Learner Engagement and Critical Thinking Development in a Pesantren based Madrasah

Abstract

This study aims to examine the implementation of Problem Based Learning (PBL) and its influence on learner engagement and critical thinking development in a pesantren based madrasah context. Employing a qualitative research design with a case study approach, the study was conducted at Madrasah Tsanawiyah Al-Khoirot Malang. Data were collected through classroom observations, in-depth interviews with teachers and students, and document analysis, and were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that the application of PBL contributed to a significant enhancement of learner engagement across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor dimensions. Students demonstrated increased active participation, deeper conceptual understanding, positive learning attitudes, and improved collaborative problem-solving skills. Furthermore, the study indicates a notable development of students’ critical thinking abilities, particularly in problem analysis, reasoning, and reflective judgment. Importantly, the integration of pesantren values such as discipline, responsibility, and ethical reasoning was effectively embedded within the PBL process, enriching both academic learning and character formation. These findings suggest that PBL can serve as a pedagogically and culturally responsive instructional model for pesantren based madrasahs.